Template

PHPControls relies on a lightweigt built-in template engine to manipulate templates. The design goals of a template engine are:

• Avoid any logic inside template
• Keep easy-to-understand templates
• Allow preserving template content as much as possible

Example Template

Assuming that you have the following template:

Hello, {mytag}world{/}

Tags

the usage of { denotes a “tag” inside your HTML, which must be followed by alpha-numeric identifier and a closing }. Tag needs to be closed with either {/mytag} or {/}.

The following code will initialize template inside a PHP code:

$t = new Template('Hello, {mytag}world{/}');

Once template is initialized you can render() it any-time to get string “Hello, world”. You can also change tag value:

$t->set('mytag', 'PHPControls');

// or

$t['mytag'] = 'PHPControls';

echo $t->render();  // "Hello, PHPControls".

Tags may also be self-closing:

Hello, {$mytag}

is idetnical to:

Hello, {mytag}{/}

Regions

We call region a tag, that may contain other tags. Example:

Hello, {$name}

{Content}
User {$user} has sent you {$amount} dollars.
{/Content}

When this template is parsed, region ‘Content’ will contain tags $user and $amount. Although technically you can still use set() to change value of a tag even if it’s inside a region, we often use Region to deligate rendering to another View (more about this in section for Views).

There are some operations you can do with a region, such as:

$content = $main_template->cloneRegion('Content');

$main_template->del('Content');

$content->set(['user'=>'Joe', 'amount'=>100]);
$main_template->append('Content', $content->render());

$content->set(['user'=>'Billy', 'amount'=>50]);
$main_template->append('Content', $content->render());

Usage in PHPControls

In practice, however, you will rarely have to work with the template engine directly, but you would be able to use it through views:

$v = new View('my_template.html');
$v['name'] = 'Mr. Boss';

$lister = new Lister($v, 'Content');
$lister->setModel($userlist);

echo $v->render();

The code above will work like this:

1. View will load and parse template.
2. Using $v[‘name’] will set value of the tag inside template directly.
3. Lister will clone region ‘Content’ from my_template.
4. Lister will associate itself with provided model.
5. When rendering is executed, lister will iterate through the data, appending value of the rendered region back to $v. Finally the $v will render itself and echo result.

Detailed Template Manipulation

As I have mentioned, most Views will handle template for you. You need to learn about template manipulations if you are designing custom view that needs to follow some advanced patterns.

class Template

Template Loading

Array containing a structural representation of the template. When you create new template object, you can pass template as an argument to a constructor:

Template::__construct($template_string)

Will parse template specified as an argument.

Alternatively, if you wish to load template from a file:

Template::load($file)

Read file and load contents as a template.

Template::loadTemplateFromString($string)

Same as using constructor.

If the template is already loaded, you can load another template from another source which will override the existing one.

Template Parsing

Note

Older documentation……

Opening Tag — alphanumeric sequence of characters surrounded by { and } (example {elephant})

Closing tag — very similar to opening tag but surrounded by {/ and }. If name of the tag is omitted, then it closes a recently opened tag. (example {/elephant} or {/})

Empty tag — consists of tag immediately followed by closing tag (such as {elephant}{/})

Self-closing tag — another way to define empty tag. It works in exactly same way as empty tag. ({$elephant})

Region — typically a multiple lines HTML and text between opening and closing tag which can contain a nested tags. Regions are typically named with CamelCase, while other tags are named using snake_case:

some text before
{ElephantBlock}
  Hello, {$name}.

  by {sender}John Smith{/}

{/ElephantBlock}
some text after

In the example above, sender and name are nested tags.

Region cloning - a process when a region becomes a standalone template and all of it’s nested tags are also preserved.

Top Tag - a tag representing a Region containing all of the template. Typically is called _top.

Manually template usage pattern

Template engine in PHPControls can be used independently, without views if you require so. A typical workflow would be:

1. Load template using GiTemplate::loadTemplate or GiTemplate::loadTemplateFromString.
2. Set tag and region values with GiTemplate::set.
3. Render template with GiTemplate::render.

Template use together with Views

A UI Framework such as PHPControls puts quite specific requirements on template system. In case with PHPControls, the following pattern is used.

• Each object corresponds to one template.
• View inserted into another view is assigned a region inside parents template, called spot.
• Developer may decide to use a default template, clone region of parents template or use a region of a user-defined template.
• Each View is responsible for it’s unique logic such as repeats, substitutions or conditions.

As example, I would like to look at how Form is rendered. The template of form contains a region called “FormLine” - it represents a label and a input.

When an input is added into a Form, it adopts a “FormLine” region. While the nested tags would be identical, the markup around them would be dependent on form layout.

This approach allows you affect the way how Form_Field is rendered without having to provide it with custom template, but simply relying on template of a Form.

Popular use patterns for template engines	How PHPControls implements it
Repeat section of template	Lister will duplicate Region
Associate nested tags with models record	View with setModel() can do that
Various cases within templates based on condition	cloneRegion or get, then use set()
Custom handling certain tags or regions	GiTemplate::eachTag with a callback
Filters (to-upper, escape)	all tags are escaped automatically, but other filters are not supported (yet)
Template inclusion	Generally discouraged, but can be done with eachTag()

Using Template Engine directly

Although you might never need to use template engine, understanding how it’s done is important to completely grasp PHPControls underpinnings.

Loading template

Template::loadTemplateFromString(string)

Initialize current template from the supplied string

Template::loadTemplate(filename)

Locate (using PathFinder) and read template from file

Template::reload()

Will attempt to re-load template from it’s original source.

Template::__clone()

Will create duplicate of this template object.

property Template::$template

Array structure containing a parsed variant of your template.

property Template::$tags

Indexed list of tags and regions within the template for speedy access.

property Template::$template_source

Simply contains information about where the template have been loaded from.

property Template::$original_filename

Original template filename, if loaded from file

Template can be loaded from either file or string by using one of following commands:

$template = $this->add('GiTemplate');

$template->loadTemplateFromString('Hello, {name}world{/}');

To load template from file:

$template->loadTemplate('mytemplate');

And place the following inside template/mytemplate.html:

Hello, {name}world{/}

GiTemplate will use PathFinder to locate template in one of the directories of resource template.

Changing template contents

Template::set(tag, value)

Escapes and inserts value inside a tag. If passed a hash, then each key is used as a tag, and corresponding value is inserted.

Template::setHTML(tag, value)

Identical but will not escape. Will also accept hash similar to set()

Template::append(tag, value)

Escape and add value to existing tag.

Template::appendHTML(tag, value)

Similar to append, but will not escape.

Example:

$template = $this->add('GiTemplate');

$template->loadTemplateFromString('Hello, {name}world{/}');

$template->set('name', 'John');
$template->appendHTML('name', '&nbsp;<i class="icon-heart"></i>');

echo $template->render();

Using ArrayAccess with Templates

You may use template object as array for simplified syntax:

$template['name'] = 'John';

if(isset($template['has_title'])) {
    unset($template['has_title']);
}

Rendering template

Template::render()

Converts template into one string by removing tag markers.

Ultimately we want to convert template into something useful. Rendering will return contents of the template without tags:

$result=$template->render();

$this->add('Text')->set($result);
// Will output "Hello, World"

Template cloning

When you have nested tags, you might want to extract some part of your template and render it separately. For example, you may have 2 tags SenderAddress and ReceiverAddress each containing nested tags such as “name”, “city”, “zip”. You can’t use set(‘name’) because it will affect both names for sender and receiver. Therefore you need to use cloning. Let’s assume you have the following template in template/envelope.html:

<div class="sender">
{Sender}
  {$name},
  Address: {$street}
           {$city} {$zip}
{/Sender}
</div>

<div class="recipient">
{Recipient}
  {$name},
  Address: {$street}
           {$city} {$zip}
{/Recipient}
</div>

You can use the following code to manipulate the template above:

$template = $this->add('GiTemplate');
$template->loadTemplate('envelope');        // templates/envelope.html

// Split into multiple objects for processing
$sender    = $template->cloneRegion('Sender');
$recipient = $template->cloneRegion('Recipient');

// Set data to each sub-template separately
$sender    ->set($sender_data);
$recipient ->set($recipient_data);

// render sub-templates, insert into master template
$template->set('Sender',    $sender   ->render());
$template->set('Recipient', $recipient->render());

// get final result
$result=$template->render();

Same thing using PHPControls Views:

$envelope = $this->add('View',null,null, ['envelope']);

$sender    = $envelope->add('View', null, 'Sender',    'Sender');
$recipient = $envelope->add('View', null, 'Recipient', 'Recipient');

$sender    ->tempalte->set($sender_data);
$recipient ->tempalte->set($recipient_data);

We do not need to manually render anything in this scenario. Also the template of $sender and $recipient objects will be appropriatelly cloned from regions of $envelope and then substituted back after render.

In this example I’ve usd a basic View class, however I could have used my own View object with some more sophisticated presentation logic. The only affect on the example would be name of the class, the rest of presentation logic would be abstracted inside view’s render() method.

Other opreations with tags

Template::del(tag)

Empties contents of tag within a template.

Template::isSet(tag)

Returns true if tag exists in a template.

Template::trySet(name, value)

Attempts to set a tag, if it exists within template

Template::tryDel(name)

Attempts to empty a tag. Does nothing if tag with name does not exist.

Repeating tags

PHPControls template engine allows you to use same tag several times:

Roses are {color}red{/}
Violets are {color}blue{/}

If you execute set('color','green') then contents of both tags will be affected. Similarly if you call append('color','-ish') then the text will be appended to both tags.

You can also use eachTag() to iterate through those tags.

Template::eachTag()

Executues a call-back for each tag

The format of the callback is:

function processTag($contents, $tag) {
    return ucwords($contents);
}

If your callback function defines second argument, then it will receive “unique” tag name which can be used to access template directly. This makes sense if you want to add object into that region. You can’t insert object into SMlite template, however every view in the system will have it’s template pre-initialized for you

The following template will implement the include functionality for your template:

$template->eachTag('include', function($content, $tag) use($template) {
    $t = $template->newInstance();
    $t->loadTemplate($content);
    $template->set($tag, $t->render());
});

See also: templates and views

Views and Templates

Let’s look how templates work together with View objects.

Default template for a view

Template::defaultTemplate()

Specify default template for a view.

By default view object will execute defaultTemplate() method which returns name of the template. This function must return array with one or two elements. First element is the name of the template which will be passed to loadTemplate(). Second argument is optional and is name of the region, which will be cloned. This allows you to have multiple views load data from same template but use different region.

Function can also return a string, in which case view will attempt to clone region with such a name from parent’s template. This can be used by your “menu” implementation, which will clone parent’s template’s tag instead to hook into some specific template:

function defaultTemplate(){
    return [ 'greeting' ];   // uses templates/greeting.html
}

Redefining template for view during adding

When you are adding new object, you can specify a different template to use. This is passed as 4th argument to add() method and has the same format as return value of defaultTemplate() method. Using this approach you can use existing objects with your own templates. This allows you to change the look and feel of certain object for only one or some pages. If you frequently use view with a different template, it might be better to define a new View class and re-define defaultTemplate() method instead:

$this->add('MyObject',null,null,array('greeting'));

Accessing view’s template

Template is available by the time init() is called and you can access it from inside the object or from outside through “template” property:

$grid=$this->add('Grid',null,null,array('grid_with_hint'));
$grid->template->trySet('my_hint','Changing value of a grid hint here!');

In this example we have instructed to use a different template for grid, which would contain a new tag “my_hint” somewhere. If you try to change existing tags, their output can be overwritten during rendering of the view.

How views render themselves

PHPControls perform object initialization first. When all the objects are initialized global rendering takes place. Each object’s render() method is executed in order. The job of each view is to create output based on it’s template and then insert it into the region of owner’s template. It’s actually quite similar to our Sender/Recipient example above. Views, however, perform that automatically.

In order to know “where” in parent’s template output should be placed, the 3rd argument to add() exists — “spot”. By default spot is “Content”, however changing that will result in output being placed elsewhere. Let’s see how our previous example with addresses can be implemented using generic views.

$envelope=$this->add('View',null,null,array('envelope'));

// 3rd argument is output region, 4th is template location
$sender=$envelope->add('View',null,'Sender','Sender');
$receiver=$envelope->add('View',null,'Receiver','Receiver');

$sender->template->trySet($sender_data);
$receiver->template->trySet($receiver_data);

Using Views with Templates efficiently

For maximum efficiency you should consider using Views and Templates in combination to achieve the result. The example which was previously mentioned under GiTemplate::eachTag:

$view->template->eachTag('include', function($content, $tag) use($view) {
    $view->add('View', null, $tag, [$content]);
});

Best Practices

Don’t use Template Engine without views

It is strongly advised not to use templates directly unless you have no other choice. Views implement consistent and flexible layer on top of GiTemplate as well as integrate with many other Controls of PHPControls. The only cases when direct use of SMlite is suggested is if you are not working with HTML or the output will not be rendered in a regular way (such as RSS feed generation or TMail)

Organize templates into directories

Typically templates directory will have subdirectories: “page”, “view”, “form” etc. Your custom template for one of the pages should be inside “page” directory, such as page/contact.html. If you are willing to have a generic layout which you will use by multiple pages, then instead of putting it into “page” directory, call it page_two_columns.html.

You can find similar structure inside atk4/templates/shared or in some other projects developed using PHPControls.

Naming of tags

Tags use two type of naming - CamelCase and underscore_lowercase. Tags are case sensitive. The larger regions which are typically used for cloning or by adding new objects into it are named with CamelCase. Examples would be: “Menu”, “Content” and “Recipient”. The lowercase and underscore is used for short variables which would be inserted into template directly such as “name” or “zip”.

Globally Recognized Tags

PHPControls View will automatically substitute several tags with the values. The tag {$_id} is automatically replaced with a unique name by a View.

There are more templates which are being substituted:

• {page}logout{/} - will be replaced with relative URL to the page
• {public}images/logo.png{/} - will replace with URL to a public asset
• {css}css/file.css{/} - will replace with URL link to a CSS file
• {js}jquery.validator.js{/} - will replace with URL to JavaScript file

Avoid using the next two tags, which are obsolete:

• {$atk_path} - will insert URL leading to atk4 public folder
• {$base_path} - will insert URL leading to public folder of the project

Application (API) has a function :php:`App_Web::setTags` which is called for every view in the system. It’s used to resolve “template” and “page” tags, however you can add more interesting things here. For example if you miss ability to include other templates from Smarty, you can implement custom handling for {include} tag here.

Be considered that there are a lot of objects in PHPControls and do not put any slow code in this function.

Internals of Template Engine

When template is loaded, it’s represented in the memory as an array. Example Template:

Hello {subject}world{/}!!

Content of tags are parsed recursively and will contain further arrays. In addition to the template tree, tags are indexed and stored inside “tags” property.

GiTemplate converts the template into the following structure available under ``$template->template`:

// template property:
array (
  0 => 'Hello ',
  'subject#1' => array (
    0 => 'world',
  ),
  1 => '!!',
)

Property tags would contain:

array (
  'subject'=> array( &array ),
  'subject#1'=> array( &array )
)

As a result each tag will be stored under it’s actual name and the name with unique “#1” appended (in case there are multiple instances of same tag). This allow $smlite->get() to quickly retrieve contents of appropriate tag and it will also allow render() to reconstruct the output efficiently.